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Introduction: Osteocalcin has been considered an establishedmarker of bone formation; but the newer evidences suggestedits role in the obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetesmellitus. Thus, it plays an important part both in bone andenergy metabolism.Methodology: This study was conducted in the Department ofBiochemistry, Department of Pharmacology & Department ofMedicine, PMCH, Patna. Two groups were included in thisstudy. One is Non-NAFLD group and another group is NAFLD.Non-NAFLD group having 130 cases while NAFLD grouphaving 44 cases. The duration of study was over a period ofone year.Results: This study revealed that serum osteocalcin levels areinversely associated with NAFLD.Conclusion: This study conclude that, osteocalcin isconsidered as a biomarker of severity in patients of NAFLD.
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Introduction: Statins have been demonstrated to have antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory properties which arecapable of attenuating inflammatory response in sepsis. Theirlipid-lowering capabilities have been well known specifically inpatients at risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular events.Methodology: The population of this study in 60 cases. Whichwere divided in two groups. In group I cases receivedtreatment for COPD & in group II Who received treatment forCOPD along with 20 mg/day atorvastatin. The duration of studywas over a period of one year. This study was conducted in theDepartment of Pulmonary medicine, Department ofBiochemistry & Department of Pharmacology, PMCH, Patna.Results: In group I we found the ratio of male: female was22:8, while in group II male: female was 23:7.In this study weobserved that stage of severity of COPD in both groups; whichwere seen moderate 27 & 25 in group I & group II respectively.Conclusion: The study concludes that a significant decreasein serum hs-CRP levels in COPD patient with the use of 20mg/day atorvastatin for 12 weeks.
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The importance of Vitamin D is unquestionable due to its contribution in the regulation of many physiological processes such as immune system, insulin secretion, cancer, cell differentiation and reproduction through vitamin D receptor (VDR). Methods: 98 PCOD cases were included in this study. This study was conducted in the Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology in the Patna Medical College, Patna, Bihar. The duration of study was over a period of one year. Results: In the present study, 85.7% cases had vitamin D deficiency, 10.2% cases had insufficiency and 4.1 normal cases. Amongst all cases, 53.1% cases were obese and 46.9% cases were lean. Conclusion: The study suggested that revealed that Vitamin D deficiency is common in patients of PCOS, both in lean and obese. It was also observed that supplementation with Vitamin D and Calcium can improve the menstrual disorders associated with PCOS and with a favorable reproductive outcome.
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INTRODUCTION:-Metformin acts mainly at the liver by reducing glucose output and secondarily, by augmenting glucose uptake in the peripheral tissues, primarily muscle. These effects are facilitated by the activation of an upstream kinase, liver kinase B1 (LKB-1), which in turn controls the downstream kinase adenosine monophosphates protein kinase (AMPK). AMPK phosphorylates a transcriptional co-activator, transducer of regulated CREB protein 2, resulting in its inactivation which consequently down regulates transcriptional events that promote synthesis of gluconeogenic enzymes METHODOLOGY:- 200 total numbers of cases were included of diabetic mellitus who received 1500mg/day metformin. The duration of study was one year. RESULT:- In results observed that decrease in fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, LDL- C and TGs. HDL-C levels were increased significantly after treatment. Conclusion:- Therefore, the findings of the present study concluded that metformin used in diabetic treatment improves lipid profile.
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Introduction: Worldwide, cancer has become a public healthproblem and one of the leading causes of death. Gastric cancerdevelops in stomach and may spread to other parts of the body,particularly the liver, lungs, bones, lining of the abdomen andlymph nodes. Kashmir is a high prevalence zone of stomachcancer. Incidence of gastric cancer in Kashmir has beenreported to exceed 40% of all cancers and the incidence is 3 to6 times higher than that at various metropolis cancer registriesin India. Hence, the aim of the present study was to assess theserum lipid levels of the gastric cancer patients in Kashmir.Material and Methods: This study was conducted inDepartment of Biochemistry Govt. Medical College, Srinagaron sixty patients diagnosed with gastric carcinoma andadmitted in Shri. Maharaja Hari Singh Hospital. Venous bloodsamples were collected in green top tubes and were transportedto the laboratory and the samples were centrifuged at 3000rpm for 10 minutes and serum was separated for the estimationof Lipid profile. Each sample was processed on the sameday of its collection and was analyzed for total cholesterol,triglycerides, HDL-Cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol.Results: The mean total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDLCholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol levels were found to be157.14 mg/dl, 136.85 mg/dl, 38.96 mg/dl and 91.52 mg/dlrespectively. The level of total cholesterol ranged from 90 to212 mg/dl while the level of triglyceride ranges between 77 to291 mg/dl and that of HDL-Cholesterol from 28 to 70mg/dland LDL-Cholesterol from 35-140 mg/dl.Conclusion: The serum triglycerides, total cholesterol andLDL-cholesterol levels fall in the normal reference range ingastric cancer patients while the mean HDL-cholesterol levelis slightly lower than the normal reference range.
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Background: Subclinical hypothyroidism is a common endocrine disorder worldwide as well as in India. The clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism are varied including weight gain, cold intolerance, menstrual irregularities, lethargy, fatigue etc. The clinical spectrum of hypothyroidism varies from asymptomatic subclinical hypothyroidism through overt hypothyroidism to life threatening myxoedema coma. Aims and Objectives: The present study was designed to see the prevalence and distribution of subclinical hypothyroidism in adult Kashmiri population. Materials and methods: The study population consisted of a sample of four hundred healthy Kashmiri subjects aged 20 – 60 yrs of both sexes. Out of this 178 were males and 222 females. A detailed history was taken and general physical examination and systemic clinical examination was done to exclude the subjects known to suffer from any significant non – thyroidal illness or any thyroid related illness. Blood samples (venous) were taken and auto analyzed by the “Elecys 1010 auto analyzer” for estimation of serum levels of T3, T4 and TSH. Results: Out of total 400 subjects studied of whom 45% were males and 55% females, 72 patients (18%) had subclinical hypothyroidism including both males and females with female predominance. Out of 226 females, 54(24%) presented with subclinical hypothyroidism and out of 174 males, 18(11%) were having subclinical hypothyroidism. Conclusion: Subclinical Hypothyroidism is a significant health problem worldwide. Our study gives an idea of prevalence of this entity in adult Kashmiri population. Subclinical as well as overt hypothyroidism is significantly common in this part of the world and early diagnosis is the need of the hour.
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Background: Diagnosis in cases of patients suffering from Knee pain has utmost important for treatment and to avoid unnecessary surgery. MRI is a non-invasive procedure in evaluation of knee joint. So this study was planned find out the prevalence of abnormalities detected by MRI in patients of knee pain. Methods: The present study was conducted in Department of Radio Diagnosis and Orthopaedics at Era’s Lucknow Medical College and Hospital. This prospective study was carried out on n=75 patients of knee pain attending Orthopaedic department of Era’s Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow for a period of six months. Results: Initially 95 patients were enrolled in our study on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria. But out of 95 patients, only 75 patients were completed our study period. Out of 75 patients, 42 patients were males and 33 patients were females. Knee pain was found common in age group 50-60 years age group. Joint effusion (84.6%) were more common followed by Edema (68.8%), Menisci lesions (48.8%) were more common as compared to ligament lesions (14.8%) in patients of knee pain. Osteoarthritis was found in 66.76 % of patients of knee pain. Conclusions: Knee pain can occur at any stage of life due to various causative factors. MRI can demonstrate the exact nature and extent of bony as well as soft tissue abnormality. This has increase the use of MRI in evaluation of patients of knee pain.
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Introduction: Due to so many reasons, Cerebrovascular accidents now a days very common ad also major emergency conditions patients are mainly from the same pool. Therefore, we conducted the study to evaluate the role of computed tomographic scan in patients with cerebrovascular accidents. Materials and Methods: This prospective study was conducted in the department of Radio Diagnosis at Era’s Lucknow Medical College and Hospital. All the patients with CVA during the duration of January 2016 to June 2016 were subjected to computed tomography scan of the head using GE Revolution ACTs 16 slice MDCT scanners, Slice Thickness – 2mm, 5mm and 10mm and Matrix size of 512 X 512. Results: Total of 35 patients with clinically suspected of CVA were submitted for CT scan study of brain. Out of 35 patients, 18 patients had infarction, 9 patients had hemorrhage, 3 patients had Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), 2 patient had tumorous pathology, 2 Patient had cerebral venous thrombosis and 1 Patient had normal study. Conclusion: CT scanning was the “Gold standard” technique for diagnosis of acute stroke as the rational management of stroke depends on “Accurate diagnosis” and it should be ideally done in all cases.
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Background: Amikacin and cefotaxime are excreted by renal mechanisms and have ability to influence the structure and/or function of kidneys. In the present study, an attempt has been made to assess the nephrotoxic effects of amikacin, cefotaxime, and their combination. Methods: A total of 10 albino rats (180-210 g) were included in each of four groups. Group A (control group) received i.p. 2 ml/kg/day of normal saline, Group B received i.p. 15 mg/kg/day of amikacin, Group C received i.p. 100 mg/kg/day of cefotaxime, and Group D received i.p. amikacin and cefotaxime daily for 4 weeks. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine were estimated at 1st, 14th, 28th day during i.p. administration then at 6th and 18th month during follow-up. Data obtained were expressed as mean±standard deviation and analyzed using the analysis of variance. Results: At 1st day, 14th day, 28th day, 6th month, 18th month, mean blood urea and serum creatinine in Group A were 20.37±0.08, 20.42±0.10, 20.48±0.09, 20.38±0.10, 20.45±0.07 and 0.50±0.067, 0.49±0.096, 0.48±0.075, 0.49±0.034, and 0.48±0.045, respectively; in Group B were 20.31±0.06, 24.08±0.50, 25.68±0.57, 22.60±0.09, 21.52±36 and 0.50±0.07, 0.65±0.093, 0.78±0.097, 0.63±0.08, 0.56±0.063, respectively; in Group C were 20.11±0.06, 23.84±0.08, 25.11±0.46, 22.50±0.78, 21.14±0.65 and 0.52±0.073, 0.69±0.063, 0.83±0.081, 0.69±0.062, 0.57±0.52, respectively; in Group D were 20.70±1.55, 26.32±1.1, 29.90±0.98, 26.05±1.6, 23.44±1.0 and 0.53±0.045, 0.90±0.084, 1.04±0.14, 0.91±0.045, 0.89±0.048 respectively. Mean BUN and serum creatinine were normal in Group A, but increase was highly significant in Group B, C, and D during drug administration but decreased during follow-up. In Group D, the mean level remained above the normal range till 18th month. Conclusions: Rise in BUN and serum creatinine was highly significant when the amikacin was combined with cefotaxime during i.p. administration as well as during follow-up. It concluded that these drug combinations may be harmful to the kidney, and gradually, it can lead to permanent renal damage.
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Background & objectives: Frequency of resistance-conferring mutations vary among isoniazid- and ethambutol-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates obtained from patients of various ethnic groups. This study was aimed to determine the occurrence of specific rpoB mutations in rifampicin-resistant M. tuberculosis isolates from tuberculosis patients of various ethnic groups in Kuwait. Methods: Rifampicin-resistant M. tuberculosis isolates (n=119) from South Asian (n=55), Southeast Asian (n=23), Middle Eastern (n=39) and other (n=2) patients and 107 rifampicin-susceptible isolates were tested. Mutations in rpoB were detected by DNA sequencing. Polymorphisms at katG463 and gyrA95 were detected by PCR-RFLP for genetic group assignment. Results: None of rifampicin-susceptible but 116 of 119 rifampicin-resistant isolates showed rpoB mutation(s). Mutations among isolates from South Asian patients were distributed at rpoB516 (20%), rpoB526 (24%) and rpoB531 (27%) while 78 and 51 per cent of isolates from Southeast Asian and Middle Eastern patients, respectively, contained a mutated rpoB531. All isolates with rpoB N-terminal and cluster II mutations were obtained from Middle Eastern and South Asian patients. Most isolates from South Asian (84%) and Southeast Asian (70%) patients belonged to genetic group I while nearly all remaining isolates belonged to genetic group II. Isolates from Middle Eastern patients were distributed among genetic group I (46%), genetic group II (33%) and genetic group III (21%). Interpretation & conclusions: The occurrence of specific rpoB mutations varied considerably in rifampicin-resistant M. tuberculosis isolates obtained from patients of different ethnic groups within the same country. The present data have important implications for designing region-specific rapid methods for detecting majority of rifampicin-resistant strains.